SSH tunneling (also referred to as SSH port forwarding) is simply routing local network traffic through SSH to remote hosts. This implies that all your connections are secured using encryption. It provides an easy way of setting up a basic VPN (Virtual Private Network), useful for connecting to private networks over unsecure public networks like the Internet.
You may also be used to expose local servers behind NATs and firewalls to the Internet over secure tunnels, as implemented in ngrok.
SSH sessions permit tunneling network connections by default and there are three types of SSH port forwarding: local, remote and dynamic port forwarding.
In this article, we will demonstrate how to quickly and easily setup a SSH tunneling or the different types of port forwarding in Linux.
Testing Environment:
- Local Host: 192.168.43.31
- Remote Host: Linode CentOS 7 VPS with hostname server1.example.com.
Usually, you can securely connect to a remote server using SSH as follows. In this example, I have configured passwordless SSH login between my local and remote hosts, so it has not asked for user admin’s password.
$ ssh admin@server1.example.com
Connect Remote SSH Without Password
Local SSH Port Forwarding
This type of port forwarding lets you connect from your local computer to a remote server. Assuming you are behind a restrictive firewall, or blocked by an outgoing firewall from accessing an application running on port 3000 on your remote server.
You can forward a local port (e.g 8080) which you can then use to access the application locally as follows. The -L flag defines the port forwarded to the remote host and remote port.
$ ssh admin@server1.example.com -L 8080: server1.example.com:3000
Adding the -N flag means do not execute a remote command, you will not get a shell in this case.
$ ssh -N admin@server1.example.com -L 8080: server1.example.com:3000
The -f switch instructs ssh to run in the background.
$ ssh -f -N admin@server1.example.com -L 8080: server1.example.com:3000
Now, on your local machine, open a browser, instead of accessing the remote application using the address server1.example.com:3000, you can simply use localhost:8080 or 192.168.43.31:8080, as shown in the screenshot below.
Access a Remote App via Local SSH Port Forwarding
Remote SSH Port Forwarding
Remote port forwarding allows you to connect from your remote machine to the local computer. By default, SSH does not permit remote port forwarding. You can enable this using the GatewayPorts directive in you SSHD main configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd_config on the remote host.
Open the file for editing using your favorite command line editor.
$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Look for the required directive, uncomment it and set its value to yes, as shown in the screenshot.
GatewayPorts yes
Enable Remote SSH Port Forwarding
Save the changes and exit. Next, you need to restart sshd to apply the recent change you made.
$ sudo systemctl restart sshd OR $ sudo service sshd restart
Next run the following command to forward port 5000 on the remote machine to port 3000 on the local machine.
$ ssh -f -N admin@server1.example.com -R 5000:localhost:3000
Once you understand this method of tunneling, you can easily and securely expose a local development server, especially behind NATs and firewalls to the Internet over secure tunnels. Tunnels such as Ngrok, pagekite, localtunnel and many others work in a similar way.
Dynamic SSH Port Forwarding
This is the third type of port forwarding. Unlike local and remote port forwarding which allow communication with a single port, it makes possible, a full range of TCP communications across a range of ports. Dynamic port forwarding sets up your machine as a SOCKS proxy server which listens on port 1080, by default.
For starters, SOCKS is an Internet protocol that defines how a client can connect to a server via a proxy server (SSH in this case). You can enable dynamic port forwarding using the -D option.
The following command will start a SOCKS proxy on port 1080 allowing you to connect to the remote host.
$ ssh -f -N -D 1080 admin@server1.example.com
From now on, you can make applications on your machine use this SSH proxy server by editing their settings and configuring them to use it, to connect to your remote server. Note that the SOCKS proxy will stop working after you close your SSH session.
Read Also: 5 Ways to Keep Remote SSH Sessions Running After Closing SSH
Summary
In this article, we explained the various types of port forwarding from one machine to another, for tunneling traffic through the secure SSH connection. This is one of the very many uses of SSH. You can add your voice to this guide via the feedback form below.
Attention: SSH port forwarding has some considerable disadvantages, it can be abused: it can be used to by-pass network monitoring and traffic filtering programs (or firewalls). Attackers can use it for malicious activities. In our next article, we will show how to disable SSH local port forwarding. Stay connected!